Effect of silica coating and laser treatment on the flexural strength, surface characteristics, and bond strength of a dental zirconia.

This study investigated the effect of irradiation with an erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser and coating with silica on the surface characteristics, bond strength, and flexural strength of dental zirconia. Three hundred and forty-three standard zirconia specimens were created, and 49 were assigned to each of seven surface treatment groups: (i) no treatment; Er:YAG laser (80 mJ/2 Hz) with pulse widths of 50 µs (ii), 100 µs (iii), 300 µs (iv), or 600 µs (v); or tribochemical silica coating at the partially sintered stage (vi) or after sintering was complete (vii). All specimens were sintered after the surface treatments, except for the group in which specimens were sintered before treatment. The study outcomes were roughness, surface loss, microshear bond strength (µSBS), and biaxial flexural strength (BFS). Mean roughness and surface loss values were significantly higher in specimens from irradiated groups than in those from silica-coated groups. Regarding µSBS, after aging, specimens from all experimental groups presented very low and similar µSBS values, irrespective of the surface treatment. Silica coating after sintering yielded the highest BFS (1149.5 ± 167.6 MPa), while coating partially sintered specimens with silica resulted a BFS (826.9 ± 60.9 MPa) similar to that of the untreated control group (794.9 ± 101.7 MPa). Laser treatments, irrespective of pulse width used, significantly decreased the BFS. In the group treated with laser at 300 µs pulse width, specimens exhibited the lowest BFS value (514.1 ± 71.5 MPa). Adhesion to zirconia was not stable after aging, regardless of the surface treatment implemented.

Effect of dentin biomodification delivered by experimental acidic and neutral primers on resin adhesion.

OBJECTIVES: Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are biocompounds mimicking native collagen cross-links. The effective and practical delivery of any biocompound is pivotal for clinical usage. The aim was to investigate the dentin biomodification and effective formation of dentin-resin biointerfaces of two highly bioactive PAC-rich extracts, Vitis vinifera (Vv) and Camellia sinensis (Cs), delivered using neutral (NP) or acidic (AP) rinse-out primer approaches. METHODS: The depth of dentin demineralization (optical profilometry), dentin biomodification (apparent modulus of elasticity, collagen auto-fluorescence) and properties of dentin-resin interfaces (microtensile bond strength - µTBS, and micro-permeability) were investigated. NP consisted of either 15% Vv or Cs applied for 60 s after surface etching; while AP contained 15% Vv or Cs in either 35% glycolic acid or tartaric acid applied for 30 s or 60 s. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The depth of demineralization was statistically higher when applied for 60 s, regardless of rinse-out primer approach (p < 0.001). Compared to the AP strategy, NP exhibited statistically higher apparent modulus of elasticity, regardless of PAC extract (p < 0.001). Highest µTBS were obtained for NPVv, which were statistically similar to APGAVv, when applied for 60 s (p < 0.001); both resulted in a dramatic decrease of the interfacial permeability. NPCs group showed the lowest µTBS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A combination of high bond strength and low micro-permeability can be accomplished using glycolic acid with the mid- and high-PAC oligomer enriched extract (Vv). Cs extract containing mostly catechins and dimeric PACs, was found unsuitable for resin-dentin adhesion despite exhibiting high initial dentin biomodification. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides a new conceptual delivery of PAC-mediated dentin biomodification and conservative dentin surface etching using rinse-out primers. The strategy requires a specific combination of PAC source, α-hydroxy acid, and application time.

Investigation of five α-hydroxy acids for enamel and dentin etching: Demineralization depth, resin adhesion and dentin enzymatic activity.

OBJECTIVES: Surface conditioning of enamel and dentin is a key step during adhesive restorative procedures and strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of five α-hydroxy-acids (AHAs) as enamel and dentin surface etchants. METHODS: Enamel and dentin specimens were prepared from human molars to determine the depth of demineralization by optical profilometry (Δz), the resin bond strength to enamel and dentin (µTBS), the micro-permeability of dentin-resin interfaces, and the gelatinolytic activity of dentin matrix induced by AHAs [glycolic (GA), lactic (LA), citric (CA), malic (MI) and tartaric (TA)] and controls [phosphoric (PA) and maleic (MA)]. All acids were prepared at 35% concentration. Adhesion studies employed Adper Single Bond Plus bonding system. Data were individually processed and analyzed by ANOVA, post-hoc tests and Pearson correlations (α = 0.05). RESULTS: AHA exhibited statistically lower depth of demineralization of enamel and dentin (average 4 fold) than controls (p < 0.001). In enamel, MA and PA etching resulted in higher µTBS than AHA groups (p < 0.001). In dentin, GA, TA, CI and LA etching resulted in statistically similar µTBS than PA (p < 0.05). The hybrid-layer (HL) thickness and interfacial micro-permeability intensity were statistically lower for AHA groups (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between the intensity of micro-permeability and the thickness of HL (p < 0.05). AHA etchants elicited lower dentin enzymatic activity than controls (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: AHAs effectively etched enamel and dentin surfaces. In particular, GA and TA resulted in suitable µTBS and sealing ability as well as induced less gelatinolytic activity in dentin than PA and MA.

Influence of Er:YAG laser pulse duration on the long-term stability of organic matrix and resin-dentin interface.

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of Er:YAG laser irradiation with different pulse durations on the organic matrix, micromorphology of the hybrid layer (HL), and bond strength over time. Sixty caries-free human molars were cut to obtain flat dentin surfaces which were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (not irradiated-G1) and laser groups (80 mJ/2 Hz) with pulse duration ranging between 50 (G2), 300 (G3), and 600 µs (G4). A self-etch adhesive system (Universal 3M ESPE) was applied on pre-treated dentin surfaces and cylinders of resin composite were built up and stressed in a universal testing machine (µSBS) at 24 h and after12 months (n = 12). In addition, 3 other dentin-bonded specimens were prepared as previously described for each group with the adhesive doped with 0.1 wt% Rhodamine B to analyze hybrid layer morphology under Confocal Laser Microscope Scanning (CLMS). Organic matrix and collagen fibrils were analyzed by second harmonic generation (SGH). Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test detected significantly higher µSBS values for the control group, whereas the lower values were observed in all laser groups at 24 h (p < 0.05). Storage in artificial saliva did not reduce µSBS in all groups. The low signal emitted by SHG images below the irradiated area demonstrated thermal damage of the collagen matrix. CLMS images of laser groups exhibited thicker and irregular resin-dentin interfaces than the control group. Regardless of the pulse duration, Er:YAG laser pre-treatment altered the organic matrix and HL formation which resulted in low µSBS values at 24 h. The alterations on dentin's organic structure did not jeopardize the µSBS after 1 year of saliva storage.

Effects of different treatments on chemical and morphological features of eroded dentin.

To evaluate the treatment of eroded dentin (Sensodyne Repair & Protect™, Er:YAG laser and combinations). The occlusal surfaces of 25 third molars were sectioned 1.5 mm in thickness. After an erosion cycle (5 min in demineralizing solution + 3 h in remineralizing solution; six cycles a day for 8 days), the samples were divided into five groups (n = 5): (E) erosion - control; (ES) erosion + Sensodyne Repair & Protect (NovaMin); (EL) erosion + Er:YAG laser (40 mJ, 10 Hz, 0.4 W, 50 µs, 3.1 J/cm2, 63 W/cm2); (ELS) erosion + Er:YAG laser + Sensodyne; and (ESL) erosion + Sensodyne + Er:YAG laser. Following storage in ultrapure water (37 °C/14 days), the Ca/P ratio was evaluated by EDXRF and the morphology surfaces examined in SEM. The percentage of exposed dentin tubules was calculated. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% were used to treat the data. The Ca/P ratio was higher in E and ES groups. More exposed dentin tubules were found in E group and less exposed tubules were found in the ES group (p < 0.0001). When the toothpaste and laser were combined, the number of occluded dentin tubules was higher when laser was performed first (ELS). A positive effect was found when the laser and toothpaste were combined.

Non-thermal plasma increase bond strength of zirconia to a resin cement / Plasma não-térmico aumenta a resistência de união da zircônia a um cimento resinoso

Objective: This study investigated the influence of different surface treatments on zirconia surface energy, roughness and microshear bond strength. Material and Methods: Forty eight slices of Yttriastabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZPVITA In-Ceram® YZ for inLab®) (6.4 x 3.2 x 1.6 mm) were divided into 3 groups according to the surface treatment (n = 16): YTZP_control -untreated; YTZP_plasma -surface treatment with non-thermal oxygen plasma; YTZP_primer - coating with ceramic primer. Surface energy (n = 6) was measured with a goniometer; and surface roughness (n = 10) was analyzed with a 3D profilometer were performed over zirconia surface. On the same specimens of surface roughness, on the treated zirconia's surface, resin cement (PANAVIA V5 - Kuraray Noritake Dental) was built up by inserting the resin cement into Tygon tubes (1 mm of internal diameter X 1 mm length). After 24h storage, microshear test was assessed. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey posthoc test (p < 0.05). Results: Nonthermal oxygen plasma treated specimens exhibited higher statistically significant surface energy (p = 0.00) and bond strength (p = 0.00) when compared to control and primer groups. Roughness test (p = 0.897) could not detect statistical difference among the tested groups. Conclusion: Non-thermal oxygen plasma should be a suitable alternative for zirconia surface treatment prior to luting hence it improved microshear bond strength and provided higher surface energy without affecting surface roughness. (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo investigou a influência de diferentes tratamentos de superfície na energia de superfície, rugosidade e resistência de união da zircônia. Material e Métodos: Quarenta e oito fatias de zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por ítria (Y-TZP - VITA InCeram® YZ for inLab®) (6,4 x 3,2 x 1,6 mm) foram divididas em 3 grupos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície (n = 16): YTZP_controle sem tratamento; YTZP_plasma - tratamento de superfície com plasma de oxigênio não térmico; YTZP_primer - aplicação de um primer cerâmico. A energia da superfície (n = 6) foi medida com o auxilio de um goniômetro; e a rugosidade superficial (n = 10) foi analisada com um perfilômetro 3D. Nos mesmos espécimes da rugosidade, prolongamentos de cimento resinoso (PANAVIA V5 - Kuraray Noritake Dental) foram construídos inserindo o cimento em micro túbulos de silicone (1mm de diâmetro interno de X 1 mm de comprimento). O teste de microcisalhamento foi realizado após 24h. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente ANOVA um fator e teste auxiliar de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados: Os espécimes tratados com plasma de oxigênio apresentaram maiores valores de energia de superficie (p = 0,00) e resistência de união estatisticamente significante (p = 0,00) quando comparados aos grupos controle e do primer. A análise de rugosidade (p = 0,897) não detectou diferença estatística entre os grupos testados. Conclusão: O plasma não térmico pode ser uma alternativa para o tratamento de superfície de zircônia antes da cimentação, pois aumentou a resistência de união ao microcilsalhamento e proporcionou maior energia superficial sem afetar a rugosidade da superfície. (AU)

Influência de diferentes protocolos de irradiação do laser de Er: YAG na morfologia dentinária, na formação da camada híbrida e na resistência adesiva / Er: YAG laser protocols influence on dentin morphology, hybrid layer formation and bond strength

Este estudo longitudinal in vitro avaliou a ação de diferentes larguras de pulso empregadas no protocolo de preparo cavitário e pré-tratamento dentinário com o laser de Er:YAG sobre a ultramorfologia da dentina, a micromorfologia da interface adesiva e resistência de união. Cento e doze molares humanos foram seccionados, obtendo-se uma dentina de profundidade média e, em seguida, foram distribuídos de acordo com os protocolos de irradiação da superfície dentinária: preparo cavitário (200 mJ/20 Hz) e pré-tratamento (80 mJ/2 Hz). Os fatores em estudo foram a largura de pulso (50 ?s, 300 ?s e 600 ?s) e tempo de armazenamento (24 h e 1 ano). Para cada condição de tratamento de superfície (protocolo de irradiação), foi considerado um grupo controle, sem irradiação. Os espécimes foram avaliados por diferentes métodos, a saber: análise da ultramorfologia por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) (n=3); avaliação da micromorfologia da interface adesiva por meio de microscopia confocal (n=3); avaliação da matriz orgânica e fibrilas colágenas por meio da Segunda Gerão Harmônica (n=3). Foram realizadas também a avaliação da resistência de união por ensaio de microcisalhamento nos espécimes submetidos ao protocolo de pré-tratamento da dentina (?SBS) (n=12) e por ensaio de microtração (?TBS) (n=11) nos espécimes submetidos ao protocolo de irradiação de preparo cavitário. Os experimentos de microscopia confocal e resistência de união foram realizados utilizando um sistema adesivo autocondicionante (Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE, EUA) em conjunto a uma resina composta (Z350 XT, 3M ESPE, EUA). Estes espécimes foram analisados após 24 hs e 1 ano de armazenamento em saliva artificial. Os dados quantitativos obtidos nos ensaios de resistência de união foram analisados por meio do teste de ANOVA (dois fatores) e do teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (? = 0,05). Os dados qualitativos foram comparados e descritos detalhadamente. Os resultados de resistência de união imediato dos grupos irradiados mostraram valores mais baixos quando comparados ao grupo controleo, independente do protocolo empregado assim como da largura de pulso utilizada. Os baixos valores expressos nos ensaios de resistência de união podem ser justificados pelas alterações na ultraestrutura da dentina irradiada com o laser de Er:YAG, que denotam uma clara alteração da matriz orgânica com desnaturação das fibrilas colágenas, como demostrada pelas imagens de SGH e MET. Desta forma, as alterações nas estruturas orgânicas da dentina prejudicaram a formação da uma camada híbrida consistente que levou à degradação das interfaces adesivas e consequente redução dos valores de resistência de união em 24 h. Todos os espécimes ensaiados no teste de microtração apresentaram redução significativa após 1 ano de armazenamento em saliva artificial, independente do tratamento realizado. Entretanto, os espécimes ensaiados no teste de microcisalhamento não apresentaram redução significativa após o mesmo período de armazenamento (1-ano). Embora o protocolo de pré-tratamento tenha alterado os componentes orgânicos da dentina, essas alterações não foram suficientes para reduzir os valores de resistência de união após 1 ano de armazenamento. Sendo assim, o emprego do laser de Er:YAG, em ambos os protocolos investigados, resultaram em modificações permanentes nos componentes orgânicos da dentina, que infleuncirama negativamente os valores de resistência de união a esse substrato.

Bonding efficiency and durability: current possibilities.

Bonding plays a major role in dentistry nowadays. Dental adhesives are used in association with composites to solve many restorative issues. However, the wide variety of bonding agents currently available makes it difficult for clinicians to choose the best alternative in terms of material and technique, especially when different clinical situations are considered. Moreover, although bonding agents allow for a more conservative restorative approach, achieving a durable adhesive interface remains a matter of concern, and this mainly due to degradation of the bonding complex in the challenging oral environment. This review aims to present strategies that are being used or those still in development which may help to prevent degradation. It is fundamental that professionals are aware of these strategies to counteract degradation as much as possible. None of them are efficient to completely solve this problem, but they certainly represent reasonable alternatives to increase the lifetime of adhesive restorations.

Bonding efficiency and durability: current possibilities

Abstract Bonding plays a major role in dentistry nowadays. Dental adhesives are used in association with composites to solve many restorative issues. However, the wide variety of bonding agents currently available makes it difficult for clinicians to choose the best alternative in terms of material and technique, especially when different clinical situations are considered. Moreover, although bonding agents allow for a more conservative restorative approach, achieving a durable adhesive interface remains a matter of concern, and this mainly due to degradation of the bonding complex in the challenging oral environment. This review aims to present strategies that are being used or those still in development which may help to prevent degradation. It is fundamental that professionals are aware of these strategies to counteract degradation as much as possible. None of them are efficient to completely solve this problem, but they certainly represent reasonable alternatives to increase the lifetime of adhesive restorations.

Adhesion of a self-etching adhesive to caries-affected dentin treated with different methods for caries removal: a preliminary study / Avaliação de um sistema adesivo autocondicionante em dentina afetada por cárie tratada por diferentes mecanismos de remoção: estudo preliminar

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adesão (RU) de sistemas autocondicionantes à dentina afetada por cárie (CAD) e dentina normal (ND), após diferentes técnicas de remoção de tecido cariado. Materiais e Métodos: Foram utilizados vinte e quatro molares humanos extraídos, com lesão de cárie oclusal. A amostra foi aleatoriamente dividida em 5 grupos, de acordo com o método de remoção do tecido cariado: G1 - controle negativo (sem remoção); G2 - disco abrasivo; G3 – broca de aço de baixa velocidade; G4 - laser Nd:YAG (21,2 J/cm2 ); G5 - laser Er:YAG (80,24 J/cm2 ). Dentinas normais e afetados / infectados foram tratadas com o sistema adesivo (Clearfil SE Bond) e coroas de resina foram construídas. Resultados: ANOVA um fator mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos experimentais (p < 0,001), com um valor menor para a dentina infectada (G1), quando comparado com todos os grupos experimentais. Maior RU foi observada para ND irradiada com laser Er:YAG, quando comparado a CAD. Para os espécimes tratados com broca e laser Nd:YAG, a RU em ND e CAD foi semelhante. Conclusão: a dentina infectada não é um substrato adequado para a adesão; laser de Nd:YAG e brocas de aço mostraram-se adequados como ferramenta de tratamento das dentinas normal e afetada prévio à instalação de restaurações adesivas. Contudo, ambas as dentinas tratadas pelos laser de Er:YAG, não interagiram adequadamente com o sistema auto-condicionante resultando em fraca adesão

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion of a self-etching system to cariesaffected dentin (CAD) and sound dentin (SD) after different caries removal techniques by using microtensile bond strength test (μTBS). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four extracted human molars with coronal carious lesions were used. The samples were randomly divided into 5 groups, according to caries removal method: G1 - negative control (no removal); G2 abrasive disc; G3 – slow speed steel bur; G4 - Nd:YAG laser (energy density 21.2 J/cm2 ); G5 - Er:YAG laser (energy density 80.24J/cm2 ). SD and CAD/ infected dentin substrates were tested. Self-etch system (Clearfil SE Bond) was applied and resin crowns were built up. Results: One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant difference between experimental groups (p < 0.001), with significantly lower results for infected dentin (G1), when compared to all other experimental groups. A statistically significant higher bond strength value was observed for SD irradiated with Er:YAG laser when compared to CAD. For bur and Nd:YAG laser specimens, SD and CAD showed the same bonding performance. Conclusion: infected dentin is not an adequate substrate for bonding; Nd:YAG laser and steel burs showed the same bonding performance for both SD and CAD; while both dentins, when irradiated by Er:YAG laser, did not adequately interact with self-etching system resulting in poor adhesion

Dental Adhesion to Erbium-Lased Tooth Structure: A Review of the Literature.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to conduct a review of the literature about adhesion on erbium laser prepared cavities, related to the specific conditions of the irradiated dentin substrate and the effects on bond strength values. BACKGROUND DATA: Advances in adhesive restorative techniques significantly influenced modern restorative dentistry. The concept of "minimally invasive dentistry" aims to perform more conservative treatment of cavities in which the removal of sound dentin is no longer necessary. This approach, which relies on the concept of adhesion of restorative materials to the mineralized dental tissues, is considered to be a contemporary outcome in dentistry. Similarly, laser technology in restorative dentistry opened new possibilities and strategies as alternatives to conventional treatment. Considering the clinical aspects of the use of erbium lasers for caries removal, cavity preparations, and substrate conditioning, treatment with lasers can be considered to be an efficient technique with wide acceptance by patients. METHODS: Computerized and manual searches were conducted for studies through 2015 that addressed the topic. RESULTS: According to the literature, there is no defined standard protocol concerning the information that articles must provide, making a definitive protocol very difficult to establish. Data varied from the type of adhesive and resin composite used, substrate, and parameters (power, energy density, pulse duration, irradiation time, distance, cooling system) to the bond strength test methodology used. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are necessary in order to define a standard protocol with positive results and higher bond strength values when using erbium lasers. Detailed information concerning laser parameters should be implemented. Also, longitudinal clinical studies should be developed in the search for new parameters that behave favorably in the irradiated substrate.

Effect of super short pulse Er:YAG laser on human dentin--Scanning electron microscopy analysis.

This study evaluated the effect of different pulse widths in the morphological characteristics of human dentin irradiated with Er:YAG in cavity preparation protocols and dentin pretreatment. Dentin discs with 2 mm thickness were obtained from 18 human molars. The experimental groups were composed from two variables: (1) clinical protocol-cavity preparation (E = 200 mJ/20 Hz)-and pretreatment (E = 80 mJ/2 Hz); and (2) pulse duration-50, 300, and 600 µs. This formed six experimental groups (n = 3): G1 (E = 200 mJ/20 Hz/50 µs); G2 (E = 200 mJ/20 Hz/300 µs); G3 (E = 200 mJ/20 Hz/600 µs); G4 (E = 80 mJ/2 Hz/50 µs); G5 (E = 80 mJ/2 Hz/300 µs); G6 (E = 80 mJ/2 Hz/600 µs). The samples were irradiated with the Er:YAG laser by noncontact mode at a focal distance of 7 mm from the target point under continuous water spray (60% water and 40% air). After the irradiation, they were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphological analysis showed an irregular dentin surface, absence of smear layer with opening of the exposure of dentinal tubules and protruding peritubular dentin-without indications of changes for all protocols used. Regardless of the analyzed experimental group, the dentin surface showed a microretentive morphology characteristic of ablation. The G1 and G4 showed a rougher surface when compared to other groups. Finally, we concluded that the pulse width can influence the morphological characteristics of the irradiated dentin tested in different clinical indications. The larger surface irregularity caused by regulation with less pulse width (50 µs) seems more appropriate to get a microretentive pattern necessary for successful adhesives restoration procedures.

Benefits of laser phototherapy on nerve repair.

Post-traumatic nerve repair represents a major challenge to health sciences. Although there have been great advances in the last few years, it is still necessary to find methods that can effectively enhance nerve regeneration. Laser therapy has been widely investigated as a potential method for nerve repair. Therefore, in this article, a review of the existing literature was undertaken with regard to the effects of low-power laser irradiation on the regeneration of traumatically/surgically injured nerves. The articles were selected using either electronic search engines or manual tracing of the references cited in key papers. In electronic searches, we used the key words as "paresthesia", "laser therapy", "low-power laser and nerve repair", and "laser therapy and nerve repair", considering case reports and clinical studies. According to the findings of the literature, laser therapy accelerates and improves the regeneration of the affected nerve tissues, but there are many conflicting results about laser therapy. This can be attributed to several variables such as wavelength, radiation dose, and type of radiation. All the early in vivo studies assessed in this research were effective in restoring sensitivity. Although these results indicate a potential benefit of the use of lasers on nerve repair, further double-blind controlled clinical trials should be conducted in order to standardize protocols for clinical application.

Análise morfológica da dentina irradiada pelo laser de Er: YAG (SSP) com diferentes larguras de pulso / Effect of Er: YAG (SSP) laser pulse widths on dentin - morphological analysis

Este estudo se propôs a analisar as características morfológicas da dentina humana irradiada com laser de Er:YAG utilizando diferentes larguras temporal de pulso nos protocolos de preparo cavitário e pré-tratamento da dentina. Foram utilizados 18 molares humanos que foram seccionados no sentido mésio-distal e amelocementário obtendo-se um disco plano de dentina. Em seguida foram lixados com uma sequência decrescentes de lixas para padronizar os espécimes em 2mm de espessura. Os grupos experimentais foram compostos a partir de 2 fatores de variação: 1) indicação clínica - preparo cavitário (E=200mJ/20Hz), e pré-tratamento (E=80mJ/2Hz); e 2) largura temporal de pulso - 50, 300 e 600µs. Assim formaram-se 6 grupos experimentais com (n=3): G1(E=200mJ/20Hz/50µs); G2(E=200mJ/20Hz/300µs); G3(E=200mJ/20Hz/600µs); G4(E=80mJ/2Hz/50µs); G5(E=80mJ/2Hz/300µs); G6(E=80mJ/2Hz/600µs). Os espécimes foram irradiados com o laser de Er:YAG com comprimento de onda de 2,94µm, de modo não contato, com um distância de 7mm do feixe de saída, sob irrigação de 60ml/min de água e 40ml/min de ar. Após a irradiação, os espécimes foram processados e destinados à avaliação descritiva das imagens obtidas em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), nos diferentes grupos experimentais. A análise morfológica dos grupos irradiados revelou uma superfície irregular, ausência de smear layer que expõe a abertura dos túbulos dentinários, dentina peritubular evidente e, sem indícios de carbonização e derretimento para todos os protocolos utilizados

Os resultados deste estudo in vitro mostraram que a irradiação com o laser de Er:YAG promoveram um padrão morfológico microrretentivo característico de ablação para todos os grupos testados e os grupos G1 e G4, que utilizaram a menor largura temporal de pulso (50 µs), apresentaram uma superfície mais rugosa quando comparados aos demais grupos. Por fim, podemos concluir que a largura temporal de pulso influência nas características morfológicas da dentina irradiada nas diferentes indicações clínicas testadas, preparo cavitário e pré-tratamento. A menor largura de pulso (50 µs) produz uma morfologia mais irregular quando comparada as maiores larguras de pulsos (300 e 600 µs)

This study evaluated the morphological characteristics of Er:YAG laser irradiated dentin using different temporal pulses width on the protocols of cavity preparation and dentin pretreatment. Eighteen human molars were cut longitudinally in a mesiodistal direction and amelocemental junction providing dentin disks. Samples were polished in a decreasing silicon carbide paper to obtain standard 2mm thick disks. The experimental groups were divided by two variables: 1) clinical protocol - cavity preparation (E=200mJ/20Hz) and pretreatment (E=80mJ/2Hz); and 2) temporal pulse width - 50, 300 and 600µs. Therefore, six experimental groups were (n=3): G1(E=200mJ/20Hz/50µs); G2(E=200mJ/20Hz/300µs); G3(E=200mJ/20Hz/600µs); G4(E=80mJ/2Hz/50µs); G5(E=80mJ/2Hz/300µs); and G6(E=80mJ/2Hz/600µs). The samples were irradiated with the Er.YAG laser using wave-length of 2.94µm, in a non contact mode at a focal distance of 7mm from the target point under continuous water spray of 60-40ml/min. After the irradiation, the samples were processed and evaluated by scanning electron microscopic evaluation (SEM)

The morphological analysis on the irradiated groups showed an irregular dentin surface, without smear layer, exposed dentinal tubules apertures, evidenced peritubular dentin, without carbonization and melting signs for all groups. A microretentive morphological pattern, characteristic of the ablation process could be observed in all groups. However, groups G1 and G4, that used 50?s of temporal pulse width, presented a greater irregularity when compared to other groups. In conclusion, the temporal pulse width interfere on the morphological characteristic of the irradiated dentin, regardless of clinical protocol, cavity preparation and pretreatment. The shorter the pulse width (50µs), the greater the surface irregularity

Compostos bioativos podem minimizar perdas minerais durante diferentes protocolos clareadores? / Can bioactive agents minimize mineral losses during different bleaching protocols?

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a perda mineral causada por diferentes protocolos elareadores e se a utilização de compostos bioativos é capaz de minimizar tais processos de desmineralização do esmalte dental. Noventa fragmentos de incisivos bovinos foram distribuídos em 9 grupos (n=10l, G1-peróxido de carbamida 8h/dia (PC), G2-PC+Recaldent, G3-PC+NanoP, G4- PC+NaF, GS - Peróxido de hidrogênio 1 h/dia (PHl, G6 - PH+ Recaldent, G7-PH + NanoP, G8-PH+NaF, G9-saliva artificial. O tratamento clareador foi realizado durante 14 dias consecutivos concomitantemente com a aplicação dos compostos bioativos e por mais 14 dias os espécimes permaneceram em saliva artificial. A análise do conteúdo mineral foi realizada pelo método de fluorescência do substrato dental (QLF). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística e o teste ANOVA-2 para mensurações repetidas e o teste de Bonferroni (SOJa). Os grupos que apresentaram maiores perdas minerais foram: G1, G3 e G8; as menores perdas foram encontradas em GS, G6 e G7. Os grupos G2 e G4 apresentaram semelhanças estatísticas e os valores médios de perda minerais foram intermediários quando comparados aos demais grupos. Frente à metodologia empregada e os resultados obtidos foi possível inferir que diferentes protocolos clareadores acarretam diferentes perdas minerais no esmalte, sendo que a utilização de protocolos utilizando peróxido de carbamida geraram maiores graus de desmineralização que protocolos utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio. Diferentes compostos bioativos apresentam potenciais distintos na remineralização causada pelos tratamentos clareadores. O agente contendo Recaldent foi o mais efetivo para minimizar as perdas minerais causadas pelo clareamento dental.

The aim of this study was to evaluate mineral loss caused by different bleaching protocols and the capability of bioactive agents to minimize such dental enamel demineralization processes. Ninety fragments of bovine incisorswere divided into 9 groups (n = 10l, G1-carbamide peroxide 8h/day (PC), G2-PC + Recaldent, G3-PC + NanoP, G4 PC+NaF, GS - Peroxide hydrogen 1 h/day (PHl, G6 - PH + Recaldent, G7-PH+NanoP, G8-PH+NaF, G9 - artificial saliva. Bleaching treatment was performed for 14 consecutive days concurrently with the application of bioactive compounds. The specimens remained in artificial saliva during the consecutive 14 days. The analysis of the mineral content was performed by the method of fluorescence of dental substrate (QLF). The statistical analysis [ANOVA-2way test for repeated measures and the Bonferroni test (p:s:SOJa)] revealed higher minerallosses in G1, G3 and G8; the lowest losses were found in GS, G6 and G7. G2 and G4 groups showed statistical similarities and average mineralloss values were intermediate when compared to the other groups. Front of the methodology and lhe results we infer that different bleaching protocols entail different mineral loss in the enamel, and the use of carbamide peroxide protocols generated higher demineralization than hydrogen peroxide protocols. Different bioactive compounds present different remineralization potenlial to demineralization caused by bleaching treatments. The agent containing Recaldent was lhe most effective to minimize mineral loss caused by tooth whitening.

A utilização de radiografias do seio frontal na identificação humana: uma revisão de literatura / Using of frontal sinus x ray in human identification: a review of literarure

A Radiologia é uma especialidade extremamente empregada na Odontologia Forense, pois permite análise comparativa de radiografias ante e post-mortem do complexo bucomaxilofacial. A identificação humana a partir do seio frontal tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente devido ao fato de apresentar-se como um padrão único na espécie humana, o que torna um instrumento de grande valia na individualização. Entretanto, para a prática comparativa deve-se levar em consideração os mesmos métodos utilizados nas tomadas radiográficas em vida, evitando distorções e erros. O presente trabalho é um artigo de revisão histórica, no qual são citados diversos autores que utilizam o seio frontal como meio para identificação humana